Arrows show direction, not size of benefit. P-values are not improvement percentages.

Random assignment: Mind Subtraction Meditation versus self-management education. Results shown are those reported in the published abstract.

This small, specific sample does not establish the same benefits for every visitor. No effect size is inferred from p-values.

Cross-sectional teacher survey. SCL-90 item-mean scale: 0–4. Bars show group means, not personal change.

Association does not establish causation. The source used “8+”; it should not be relabeled as today's course structure.

211 adults; meditation n=73. Eight weeks of instruction, followed by continued home practice through week 26.

Chart scores = shared modeled baseline (21.64) + Table 2 changes. Not raw individual scores. PSS-10 scale: 0–40.